A need is a physiological or psychological requirement for an organism to function properly. These needs can range from basic food and water to feelings of connection and love in a relationship. Psychologists have largely based their theories on the concept of the hierarchy of needs, which was introduced by Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow’s theory states that people must satisfy their basic needs before they can focus on higher order desires, such as belonging and self-actualization.
Depending on the context, need can be either a noun or a verb. As a noun, it refers to something that is required or necessary: The car needs an oil change. As a verb, it is used to indicate a lack or deficiency: He has a need for sleep. He doesn’t need a new pen, but wants one. It can also be used as a semi-modal verb, meaning that it has the ability to be either a modal or an ordinary verb: You needn’t do that. He needn’t have come.
The underlying principle behind the hierarchy of needs is that each individual has certain biological and psychological requirements for survival. These needs are often considered to be more basic than preferences, which are usually derived from social circumstances and culture. Some of the most fundamental human needs include the need for air, food and shelter. If these are not met, a person will not survive, even in the most modern of societies.
In addition to the basic needs, some psychological studies have shown that humans crave a variety of other things. For example, some research has shown that the innate need for self-preservation may be driven by a desire to maintain physical attractiveness. In some cases, the desire for attractiveness can become an obsession that leads to body dysmorphia or eating disorders.
Need is a complicated concept to define, since it can vary widely among different individuals and cultures. Some definitions of need are rooted in psychological or philosophical theories, while others are grounded in the practical concerns of everyday life. Need can also be a controversial subject, as some critics of the hierarchical model argue that it is paternalistic or unconstitutional to require a state to provide assistance to a particular class of individuals.
Despite the complexity of this topic, there are some clear distinctions between need and want. A need is an essential requirement that must be satisfied, while a want is a non-essential, ad hoc desire or wish. For example, a person may need to stay hydrated while a person might simply want to drink a cold beer. The distinction is important, as the satisfaction of a need generally requires the sacrifice of a want. For example, if a person is hungry, she will most likely need to stop at the nearest diner for some nourishment, while the individual who just wants a cool beverage will probably be fine without stopping.