Need is an English word that means a feeling or requirement that must be satisfied. In the case of human needs, they can be defined as the psychological factors that motivate people to act and give purpose and direction to behavior. Needs are often the basis of moral arguments and debates about right and wrong.
Needs can be differentiated from wants by the fact that wants are optional, while needs are essential to life. Examples of needs include food, water, clothing and shelter. Without these, a person cannot function and eventually will die. Other needs may include safety, affection and self-esteem. A person who has not met their needs will feel unhappy, while a person who has met their needs will be content and likely to be happy.
The academic study of needs reached its zenith in the 1950s with the work of psychologist Abraham Maslow. His hierarchy of needs posits that humans have a series of basic psychological or physiological (lower order) needs, such as food and water that must be fulfilled before the higher order needs of belonging and self-esteem can be met. People tend to spend most of their resources (time, energy and finances) attempting to satisfy these lower needs before they can focus on the higher order ones.
Maslow’s model of needs is widely used to explain why some people are happier or less unhappy than others. However, his theory is often criticized for the lack of empirical evidence supporting it. In particular, critics point out that it is very difficult to identify individual needs and that they are often culturally or contextually specific. Additionally, the concept of need is contested by some philosophers, such as Martha Nussbaum, who advocates for a capability approach instead of Maslow’s hierarchical model.
A person can determine their personal needs by identifying and reflecting on past experiences. They can then plan and execute ways to beneficially meet their needs, such as enrolling in a cooking class or investing in painting. Alternatively, they can use a needs assessment tool to identify their needs.
For example, a person may want to improve their communication skills so they can be a better parent, but if this need is not fulfilled it could result in them becoming angry with their child. Similarly, an organization may need to develop training programs for employees, but if this need is not fulfilled, the company will likely be unproductive and possibly have high turnover rates.
The word need comes from the Latin noun nescessitate, meaning ‘that which is necessary to have’. The synonyms of need are desire and want, but the latter is more vague and does not imply the necessity to have something. The word need is more powerful in its emotional appeal than desire. For example, “I’m hungry; I need some food,” is more compelling than “I want a cheese burst pizza.” Learn more about the difference between need and desire by reading the article: Difference Between Need and Desire.