The word need is a central concept in a wide variety of fields, including philosophy, biology, psychology, sociology, economics, and politics. It is often contrasted with want, which refers to a desire, wish or aspiration that is not essential for survival or basic functioning. Defining and distinguishing between these terms is of interest in such disciplines as economics, marketing, and politics.
Need is an important psychological feature that arouses action toward a goal and gives purpose and direction to behavior. Needs are based on an individual’s perception of what is required for them to survive and function normally. According to psychologists, an individual’s most fundamental needs are physical health and personal autonomy.
Some people describe the difference between needs and wants using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The first level of this hierarchy includes primary needs such as food, water, and shelter. Secondary needs are those that are required for the completion of primary needs. For example, if someone is moving to a new home and needs a place to live, they would need to find an apartment that is affordable and in a good location. Lastly, tertiary needs are those that are considered luxury and could be considered wants. This might include sports cars, brand clothing, and expensive vacations.
When applied to an organisation or community, the term need can also mean established standards and norms that people feel they need in order to live a fulfilling life. Carrie’s yearning for a lavish lifestyle in NYC complete with designer clothes and shoes would be classified as her felt need, but it may not align with societal expectations.
A need assessment is a process where a group or individual determines what needs exist in the community and identifies strategies to meet them (Wilson, 2012). The assessment involves collecting and analyzing information from multiple sources including individuals and organizations in the community. This information can be used to inform services, policies, and programs that focus on prevention and early intervention as opposed to a reactive approach (Hawtin & Percy-Smith, 2007).
A need assessment should take into account rational identification of needs based on up-to-date scientific knowledge, consideration of the actual experiences of individuals in their daily lives, and democratic decision-making. This is a principle that is in line with the capability approach to human development developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. Individuals who have more internal “assets” or capabilities have more choices and opportunities for positive freedom. These include education, mental strength, physical strength, and access to resources. In addition, they are more likely to be able to fulfill their own needs and to provide assistance to others.